Antibiotic-resistant strains of disease-causing bacteria are a serious problem among HIV positive people. – VoICE
Key Concept

Key Evidence: Among both HIV positive and HIV negative parents in a study in Kenya, 99% of pneumococcal strains found and tested were resistant to one or more antibiotics. HIV positive parents carried 16% more strains that were resistant to penicillin than those carried by HIV negative parents.

Conklin, L.M., Bigogo, G., Jagero, G., et al 2016. High Streptococcus pneumoniae colonization prevalence among HIV-infected Kenyan parents in the year before pneumococcal conjugate vaccine introduction. BMC Infectious Disease. 16(18).
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Key Evidence: Two years after the introduction of 10-strain pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV-10) in Kenya, the percent of HIV-positive adults who carried pneumococcal bacteria declined significantly (from 43% to 28%), but did not decline in HIV-negative adults. However, the reduction in carriage of pneumococcal strains that are in PCV10 declined significantly in both HIV-positive and HIV-negative adults. This reduction was still four times higher in HI- positive vs. HIV-negative adults (2.8% vs. 0.7%), indicating that HIV positive adults continue to be at considerably higher risk of invasive pneumococcal disease than HIV-uninfected adults.

From the VoICE Editors: Nasopharyngeal carriage is an indicator of the risk for invasive pneumococcal disease and pneumonia. 

Kobayashi M, Bigogo G, Kim L et al. 2019. Impact of 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine introduction on pneumococcal carriage and antibiotic susceptibility patterns among children aged <5 years and adults with HIV infection, Kenya 2009-2013. Clinical Infectious Diseases.
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